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Polity 2

 Political Theories

Rousseau

 

 

 General will
Features of Rousseau Theory:

Contract by all people: Each and all, All with Each: General will, surrender all wills.

Every individual was a part of general will not all part: Generally: Majority (Part)

General Will is the sum total of total Real Wills: Good to Public, Welfare of all people

Relation b/w the ruler and the people: always required, can change govt.

General Will: Supreme good, welfare, supreme (Limited)

Sovereign (power)---> People (Ruled a/c to General Will of People)

 

Features of General Will

General will is a common consciousness of common good:

It is the Combination of Real Wills: Common good of all

General Will is Sovereign: All need to follow, obey: can't deny

General will can never be wrong: Welfare, conscious, social welfare

General Will is Inalienable and Indivisible: cannot be separated from the people (MP, MLA are people)

General will is rational and morally superior: no selfish interest, general will (real)

General will is NOT the will of majority: Ignore those who are left

General will is NOT the will of all the people: NOTA: Not interested in voting

 

 

The Concept of Popular Sovereign

People Supreme

Govt. Rules a/c to people

Welfare of the mases is focus

 

Criticism of Rousseau Theory:

The State of Nature is Imaginary: Unhistorical, Blessful etc. Intelligent X; Selfish Interest

Vague and impractical: not all calculated

Common interest cannot be definitely defined: Perspective, views, opinions differs: Eg: Demonetization, reservation

The Concept of General will encourages 'Absolutism' in name of welfare

The concept of general will is vague: define, calculate, all have different perspectives, sometimes same opinions; not all have same opinions

It encourages state: Absolutism: use of unlimited power, general will: SUPREME, never wrong, social welfare: Drama, more strictness & less liberty

 

 

Hannah Arendt

Hannah Arendt is an important thinker for UPSC too so there were questions on her theories quite frequently. She is a foreign thinker and she is a citizen of United States of America but actually, a German who fled away from Germany in the times of Second World War as she was a jew where Anti-Semitism was followed by Adolf Hitler. Arendt have never written any books about all her theories, but her theories can only be understood by reading all her articles to newspapers, journals etc. and on summing up the articles we end up with theories on diverse topics like totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom. Her basic theory is on separating Private sphere and Public sphere as political life and Politics from  Human Activity. She will ask us to concentrate more on public sphere because it is more important than private sphere. She further divides private sphere and mentions biological activity which is cyclic and would waste most of our time in it.

 

 

 

Historical Theory

Fact based

History based

Step by step (reasons)

No. Of facts lead to evolution

Aka Evolutionary theory

Gradual progress, lead to growth and evolution in the remote and distant past

 

Factors/ Reasons for the growth of State

Social nature of Man

Growth of society---> people increase, conflict increase; needs to be fulfilled, work and protection

Blood relationship/ kinship: One factor related to the other,

Organisation: population, village, town, city, society

Male (patriarchy), Female (Matriarchy)

Gave up believe on magic etc.

Religion as one of the uniting force: Pope- Ashoka etc.

 

Force theory

Power, King, Leadership, Tribe, Kabilas. Eg: Alexander, Mughals, Akbar

 

Economic Warfare:

Property, trade, money, distribution, wealth

 

Elite theory: Rich people, under control people

 

 

 

 

 

 

Parameters

State

Government

Elements

Govt is an element of the State

Govt is Govt
LOL

Fixed Territory

☺

X

Sovereignty

☺

X

Membership

☺

X

Without

State w/o Govt Not possible

Govt w/o State possible: colonial

Stability

State permanent

temporary

Characteristics

Similar everywhere

X

Nature

Abstract

Concrete

Who

State is Master

Govt is servant

People Oppose

People can oppose Govt. Not State

Yes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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