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Political System |
Development of the concept of the Political System Famous Books Human Nature in Politics
written by Graham Wallas, 1908 Arthur Bentley's book
written by The Process of Government
Meaning of Political
System The term 'Political
System' is related to power, rule and authority and organisation of
these attributes in a systematic order.
Definitions
of political system:
Robert
A. Dahl: A
political System is any persistent pattern of human relationships that
involves to a significant extent power, rule and authority.
Almond
and Powell: When
we speak of political system, we include all interactions which affect the
use of or threat to legitimate coercion.
David
Easton: Political
System is a set of interactions abstracted from the totality of social
behaviour, through which authoritative values are allocated for a society.
Main
Characteristics of a political System Persistent
pattern of relationships Comprehensiveness Universality Universality
of political structure Universality
of political functions Input
and output functions Existence
of boundaries Adaptability Mixed
character of political system Multi-functionality
of political systems Environmental
impact on the political system
General
functions of political systems: Growth
of the capabilities of the system Conversion
process System
of maintenance and adaptation of functions
Difference
between political system and State
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Comparative Politics:
Meaning and Nature |
Comparative
Politics
Introduction No
'Man' can live in isolation. The same is true in the case of politics and
governance. The formation of the Indian Constitution is, in itself, an
epitome of intricate scrutiny of flipping pages of various constitutions,
rules, laws and regulations. However, we should take pride in the fact that
it has been termed as the 'longest constitution in the world. Anyway,
we earned the title of a 'sobriquet' i.e. the Elephantine constitution! Having
discussed the basic introduction now let's jump to the definitions of
comparative politics. Definition Edward
Freeman: By Comparative Government, I mean the comparative study if
political institutions and forms of government. Similarly, Jean
Blondel: Comparative Government can thus be defined in a preliminary
fashion as the study of patterns of national governments in the contemporary
world. Geoffery
K. Roberts: Comparative politics deals with leadership, political
socialisation, the resolution of political conflicts, bargaining
decision-making powers and political communications. Now,
let us derive some of the characteristics or key features of 'Comparative
Politics: Analytical
and Empirical investigation Study
of infra-structures Emphasis
on the study of developing societies Emphasis
on the inter-disciplinary methods of study Value-free
study: There is no place for moral values etc. Only formal structures are
discussed here. Study
of Power, Rule and Authority Study
of Political Elites, Political Violence and Political Corruption Study
of Political Processes Study
of the balance of power between the Competing States Study
if the role of Bureaucracy Study
of political activities Conclusion Thus,
we see that we compare and contrast the ideas, values and demographics. We
learn to be liberal in thinking, political processes, Asian, Latin American
and even Western Nations. This,
in turn help us to be a tolerant individual and we learn to accept
differences. |
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Political Culture:
Meaning and Characteristics |
Political
Culture
The
sum total of the people's beliefs, values, viewpoints, devotion and feelings
about politics is known as political culture.
Definitions According
to Almond and Powell: Politcal Culture is then pattern of individual
attitudes, orientations towards politics among the members of political
system.
Acording
to Dr. SP Verma: Political Culture includes not only the attitudes
towards politics, political values, ideologies, national character and cultural
ethos but also the style, manner and substantive form of politics.
Characteristics
of Political Culture Political
culture is a Universal Concept Political
Culture is a Comprehensive Concept Every
Political System has a distinctive culture Political
Culture is a part of general culture Political
Culture influences Political System
Components
of Political Culture/ Elements of Political Culture While
studying the 'Political Culture', we try to understand the values, beliefs
and emotions of the people in the political system. These are of three types: Cognitive
Orientation i.e.
the knowledge which the individual possess about the political problem. Effective
Orientation i.e
the amount of devotion and interest of the people towards their political
leaders. Evaluation
Orientation i.e.
people would try to understand the extent and the reason for the failure of
the political problem. Political
Values Political
Beliefs Emotional
Attitudes
Determinants
of Political Culture The
factors which help us to influence the formation of the 'Political Culture'
are: Historical
Factors Geographical
Factors Social
Factors Economic
Factors Spread
of Education Radio
and Television Newspaper
and Magazines The
ideological basis of the political system Political
parties Importance/
Relevance of the concept of political culture it
has made 'political science' as a real 'Social Science' The
Study of political science has become practical Widen
the scope of political science Political
science has become dynamic Measuring
rod to judge the progress of the society and political system Helpful
in knowing the diversity of the Human Nature Combination
of Micro and Macro Study Helpful
in bringing progressive Political change Basis
of making distinction among political systems Criticism
of the concept of 'Political Culture' Not
a correct barometer to know the behaviour of an individual Ambiguous
Concept It
is not a new concept Difficulty
to draw a line between General Culture and 'Political Culture' Subjectivity
in the interpretation Inspite
of some of the criticisms, we see that the study of 'Political Culture' has
magnified the scope of 'Political Science' tremendously.
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Politicial Socialisation:
Meaning and Agents
Agents
of Political Socialisation
Family Society Educational
Institutions Political
Parties Pressure
Groups Press Radio
and Television Cinema Activities
of the Government Peer
Groups Symbols Speeches
and the writings of the great national leaders Personal
experiences of the people Day
to day politics Internet
and E-Mail |
Political
Socialisation: Meaning and Agents
Meaning According
to Alan R. Ball: 'Political socialisation is the establishment and
development of attitudes and beliefs about political systems.'
According
to David Easton: 'Political Socialisation may be defined as those
developmental processes through which persons acquire political orientation
and pattern of behaviour.'
Political
Socialisation is the process by which an individual gets to know about the
political system, political conduct, political values and beliefs, Characteristics
of Political Socialisation It
is a process Political
Socialisation is Universal Process Political
Socialisation is a Continuous Process Political
Socialisation can be guided to a particular direction Political
Socialisation can be manifest or latent The
political socialisation is both, formal and informal With
the process of Political Socialisation, Political Culture passes on from one
generation to another Political
Socialisation differs from State to State Political
Socialisation is internalisation of political beliefs and political values It
is a process which takes place in every society Types
of Political Socialisation Manifest
or Direct Political Socialisation Hidden
or Latent Political Socialisation Primitive
Political Socialisation Modern
Political Socialisation
Importance
of Political Socialisation It
brings enlightenment among the People It
brings efficiency in the working of the Political System Provides
legitimacy to Political System Helpful
in the formation of the Political Culture Provides
knowledge about the Political Matters Helpful
in maintaining Political Culture It
prepares the people for political roles Provides
link between Political System and Social System Provides
stability to Political System After
studying, the differences and the similarity, we may conclude the properly
understanding the politics of the country. It helps us to understand the
process of political socialisation, regional variations, evolution and
modifications. This, in turn, helps us to analyse the difference and
acknowledge them. |
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Meaning of Isms |
Meaning
of Isms Liberalism Focused
on liberalism. Origin of the word: Liberalis i.e. Free Man Gandhism Focused
on the freedom and division of powers. Marxism Focused
on the 'communism and collective ownership. Restricted freedom of the
individual.
Major
Propounders Liberalism JS
Mills, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, TC Green Marxism Karl
Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Fredric Engels Gandhism Gandhi
Ji and all the president and PM of India who approved of his principles
Views
about 'State' Liberalism Traditional
Liberalism: Disapproved of the 'State' Contemporary
Liberalism: Of the view that 'State;' is a necessary evil. Marxism State
is a means of exploitation of poor by the 'Rich'. Classless state. Gandhism Focused
on the 'decentralisation of the power'. 'State' as means of violence: Police
State.
Views
about Religion Liberalism State
should not interfere in the religious matters. Marxism Against
religion. Religion is like an opium. Escapist tendencies. Gandhism Focused
on religion as an important part of human life. Held the view that
integration of politics and religion would purify politics as well.
Books
and Influences Liberalism Supporters:
JS Mills, Bentham, John Locke, Adam Smith Marxism Das
Capital Critique of Political Economy Value, Price and Profit Inaugural
Address Gandhism My
Experience with Truth Unto this Last Tolstoy Gita and Ramayana Political
Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Liberty
of Individual Liberalism In
favour of freedom of individual. Laissez Faire principle Marxism Restricted
the freedom of Individual Gandhism Focused
on decentralisation of powers
Basis
of Views Liberalism Individualism,
humanism and freedom of individual Marxism Working,
Money, classlessness, labour No difference between rich and poor Gandhism Ahimsa,
Non-Violence, Sarvodaya, Hijrat, Trusteeship
Views
about democracy Liberalism A
representative form of government, an 'Elective' form of government Marxism Classlessness,
no difference between rich and poor Gandhism Focus
on ground level, decentralisation of power
Views
about violent means Liberalism Government
should be tolerant, right to present opposing views. Marxism Annihilate,
focus on classlessness, use any means whatsoever. Gandhism Do
not favour violent means at any cost |
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