PSIR: All you need to Know

 

Political Culture	Gabriel Almond: 1956 American Political Science   Meaning and Definition Almond and Powell: "Political Culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientation towards politics among the members of a political system."   Alan R. Ball: "Political Culture is composed of attitudes, beliefs, emotions, andwith  values of the society that relate to political system and to political issues."   Dennis Kavangh: "Political Culture is an expression to devote the emotional and attitudinal envt. Within which political system operates."   Talcot Parsons: "Political Culture is concerned with orientations towards political objects."   Characteristics: Political Culture is universal concept It is a comprehensive concept Every political system has distinctive culture Political Culture is a part of general culture PC influences political system Concept of PC is Subjective Nature PC is larger than constitutional structure Dynamic Concept   Components: Cognitive Concept, Effective Orientation, Evaluation Orientation, Political Values, Political Reliefs, Emotional Attitude   Factors which influence formation of Political Culture: Historical Factors, Economic Factors, Spread of Education, Radio and TV, Ideological basis of Political System, Political Parties, Newspaper and Magazine, Social Factors, Geographical Factors   Importance of the concept of Political Culture It has made political science as a real social science The study of political science ha become practical Widen the scope of political science Measuring road to judge the success and failure of political system Combine macro and micro study Progressive political change Basis of making distinction among the political system.   Criticism of concept Not correct barometer to know the behavior of Individual Ambiguous concept Difficult to draw line b/w General Culture and 'Political Culture' Not a new concept
Political Socialisation   Agents of political socialisation   Family Society Educational Institutions Radio and TV Symbol Personal experience of people Internet and e-mail Cinema Press Political parties Pressure groups/ Peer group Speech and writings Day to day politics	Alan R. Ball: "Political socialisation  is estb. And development of attitudes and beliefs about the political system. Almond and Powell: "Pol Socialisation is a process by which political culture are maintained or changed. Through the performance of this function, individuals are brought into the political culture and their orientation and pattern behaviour."   Dennis Kavanagh: "Political socialisation is the term used to describe the process by which an individual learns and develops orientation of politics.   Characteristics: It is a process Pol socialisation is a universal process Political socialisation is a continuous process Can be guided to a particular direction Can be both manifest or latent Can be formal or informal Process of political socialisation, culture, passes from one generation  to another Differs from State to State Internalisation of political beliefs and political values   Types of political socialisation Manifest or latent political socialisation Hidden or latent political socialisation Primitive political socialisation Modern political socialisation   Importance It brings enlightenment among the people Brings efficiency in  the working of the political system Provides legitimacy to political culture It prepares people from political roles Links b/w political system and political and  social system Provides stability to the political system
Bureaucracy	Self-conceited, rude, autocratic, rigid etc. Backbone of public administration Desk job ore red-tapism   Meaning and definition of bureaucracy: Bureaucracy: used to denote those civil servants who run the administration of the country. French term: Bureau: Desk; Cracy: 'power' (greek) Civil Servants who run administration of State often 'desk-govt'   Definition of Bureaucracy Paul Appleby: "It is a professional class of technically skilled person who organised in an hierarchical way and serve the State in an impartial way."   Herman Finner: "It is a professional body of officials, permanent, paid and skilled."     Recruitment of Bureaucracy Public recruitment may be defined as that process through which suitable candidates are included to compete for the appointment in the public services.   Recruitment means securing the right people for a particular job, and it may take the form of advertisement for a large group of employees or tracking out a highly skilled individuals for a special work.   Problems of recruitment Who should be authorised to recruit? With the people With the ruling party Chief executive head   Characteristics or nature of bureaucracy Professional and skilled class Legal recognition Appointment on the basis of qualification Promotion on the basis of merit and seniority Fixed tenure Impartiality or Neutrality Anonymity Logical division  of functions   Importance of bureaucracy Provide continuity to administration Provide dynamism to the admn Provides expert knowledge to ministers Redress the grievances of the people Provides link between people and Government Give advice to the ministers Help the ministers in  policy formation Implementation of the policies   Mixed method General qualification Special Qualification Merits Demerits Citizenship, residence, age and gender etc. Civil services, only citizens of India are considered as eligible 12th passed exams Banking services Commerce graduate Doctor MBBS etc. Democratic principles Wider scope good person Competent and efficient young Fresh and young officials Don't have experience Spend lots of money: Training Lower level X, promotion Don't have experience so depend on the administrative under which they work   Direct Recruitment or recruitment  from outside Qualification fulfilment Compete particular jobs Written exam Interview          Qualification of candidates should be evaluated? Individual judgement of recruitment authority On basis of certificate of character, ability and experience Through competitive exams   Neutrality of Civil Servants -Can't become members of any party Tenure cannot be canvass Civil servants cannolt seek election to any legislative assembly   Qualities of Good Bureaucracy Ability, Political Neutrality, Closeness with people, Decentralisation of Authority, Sense of Service, Adaptability, Sense of Initiative, Expert in profession, Honesty   Role and functions of Bureaucracy To provide expert knowledge To give advice to ministers Policy formulation Implementation of policies Legislative functions Judicial functions Financial functions Linking between people and government To redress grievance of people To give warning Social and economic development Adjudgement among conflicting interests     Difference political Executive/ permanent   Parameters Political Executive Permanent Executive Appointment Appointed by constitutional head by State Competitive Exam Qualification Not lunatic or bankrupt Academic and professional  qualification Tenure 5 yrs, 4yrs USA After completing tenure Responsibility Parliament and people for its functions Not responsible to anyone Nature Immature master Professional executive Role Execute policies Maintain law: run/ making Difference in relation Take part activities X Size Chief Executive Head and small cabinet 60-70 members Quite large, as compare to pol executive Anonymity Active politicians are included Make all laws but are unknown   Weakness of Bureaucracy Class consciousness Corruption Irresponsibility Lack of Initiative Sense of Despotism Politicisation of bureaucracy Conservative outlook Power Obsession   Resolution Spirit and sense of service Decentralisation The ministers ought to take interest in politics Investigation: charges of corruption Mature and capable people appointment Political interference in functioning of civil services
Electorate      Exceptions of Right to vote Minor Insane person Hardened criminals Govt officials: In china Aliens: not loyal to country Religious leaders: in some countries Bankrupt persons: generally   Simple Majority (First Past the Post System) In India America UK   Demerits Victory by less votes Many votes get wasted Minority no proper representation   Two types Direct Indirect	Basis: UAF, limited right to vote Franchise based on property: 1] owner of property 2] generally patriotic 3] owner of property (taxes)    Against Not only affected by it Owner of property: Right to vote Wrong method Illogical to say they are patriotic Social evils Different classes Adequate distinction   Franchise: Based on Education Favour  Against Problem understood Matured wisdom Distinction between educated and uneducated Capable of representing Spread education and illiterate (try) Capable people/ talent/ responsible Equality? Different classes? Minimum educational qualification Not necessary education= mature and wise Different classes division Ill treatment to illiterate Law affecting equality      Arguments, women right to vote? Favour  Against No discrimination based on  sex Not mentally inferior Have own problem, men don't know Equality, family not upset Not undemocratic Vote right for women Purify political envt Close relation b/w political rights Right to vote not a hindrance Enlighten/ progressive   Women: Physically weak Politics is a scroundel Women inferior to men Home is field of women Setback to the family life It is just a double vote Lowers the respect (Conservative outlook) Less interest in politics Destroy the quality of women (natural: love, care and sensitivity)         Universal Adult Franchise Favour  Against Exception a/c to democratic provisions Use of sovereign  powers Principle of equality National Unity Peace and Order Less revolution Protection of Minorities Absence of UAF, divide society Everyone pays taxes Everyone is not wise Vote not that is illiterate Right should be given to the responsible Not natural right Encourages Corruption UAF is expensive Hindrance in the progress Everyone cannot understand politics No guarantee of protection Age is not sound basis Minor Aliens Govt. official Religious Leaders Bankrupt Hardened criminal Insane   Representation System: Territorial, Functional      Territorial Functional Merits Promote unity It is a simple system Close relationship between representatives and voters Respect voters Proper fulfilment of Local Needs Possibility of progress increases   Demerits   No representation properly to different interest groups Encourages Regionalism Minority given right  to vote Minorities fail to get representation Possibility of victory of a candidate with minority votes Merits Difficult All not pluralistic One unit cannot  represent all the professions Possibility of the enactment of good laws     Demerits Difficult to divide the professions into water-tight compartments This principle encourages class struggle It lowers the moral standards of the citizens Man is not always functional being         Types of Methods          * Single Transfer Vote System: Preferential system         * Simple Method = Total/ No of seats (Hare System)     *Droop Method= Total +  1/ no. of seats + 1 (Quota fixed representation)                DIRECT METHOD Merits Every adult has the opportunity to express opinion A/c to democratic principles Representation & responsibility Get political education Close contact between voters and representative Less possibility of corruption Sense of self respect among voters   Demerits Less possibility of representation of able representative Able and intelligent people are generally afraid of contesting elections Expensive Method Poor man cannot contest elections Possibility of disputes Bad effects on political parties INDIRECT METHOD Merits Elect the competent and able representative Less influence of political parties Less expensive method Peaceful envt for elections Useful for backward countries   Demerits Undemocratic No direct contact with the representatives Irresponsibility and representatives Possibility of corruption Less importance on political education Bad effect on political parties   Minority representation Proportional Representative System Limited vote system Cumulative Vote System Communal Representative System Proportional Representation System Single Transferable Vote System List System  Mr. Andrae: a Danish minister, 1st time 1855 Election of Representatives Mr. Andrae Hare System Multi-member constituencies To mark preference Fixed quota Counting votes Transfer of votes Proportional @Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark Multi member constituencies Vote single quota Election on party basis Voters cast their votes to the List Counting Declaration of results   Proportional Representation   Merits Democratic Principle Class Representation Protect interests of minorities Votes not wasted, wider choices No candidate can win with a few votes People political education Right representatives Govt cannot be by minorities Demerits Complex system Unstable govt National Interest Ignored Difficulty in by Elections Danger to National Unity Single Number of Constituencies Not for developing countries       Some other methods to give representation to minorities   Limited Votes System Cummulative Vote System Multi member constituencies No. of voters is less than no. of seats All voters can't be polled to an representative Merits Sure representation to minorities Demerits Chances of dictatorship Multi-member constituencies No. of votes equal to the no. of seats Commulative voting Merits Gives chance to even smaller constituencies Demerits Not proportionality Party System evil, votes wasted    Limitation of Seats: India, SC/ ST Nomination: fail to get proper representation, lose of minority---> Representation, Anglo-Indian by President Method of Representation to minorities Limited vote system Multi party member constituencies No. of voters less than seats All votes cannot be polled to one representative   Commulative System Multi member constituencies No. of votes equal to number of seats Commulative voting Merits Chance to minority Demerits Representation not proper Evil in party system Votes are wasted Communal Representation System By Britishers (X Indians) Divide on communal lines (H= Hindus, M=Muslims) Lessen Unity, National Interest? Anti-Democratic Don't think too much Second Ballot System Single member constituencies One voter, one vote It is essential to get absolute majority win Second Ballot System Single member constituencies One voter, one vote It is essential to get absolute majority to win
Public Opinion   Characteristics General Agreement Not related to public matters Positive one General welfare Public opinion is logical Democracy promotes public opinion	Lord Bryas: "Public Opinion is commonly used to the aggregate of views which men hold regarding matters that affect the community Carol: "In its common use, it refers to the composite reaction of the general public." Beni Prashad: "Opinion may be regarded as truly public opinion when it is motivated by the welfare of whole of society.   Importance   Public opinion basis of democracy Control over govt Opinion govt. guide people Helpful in law making Protect liberty Barometer: Mood of People Proof of popularity of Govt. Importance of 'Public Opinion' Encourage Govt    Agencies for formulation/ Expression of Public Opinion   Press Public Meetings Political parties Political Literature Cinema Elections Educational institutions Radio and TV Legislature Role of Political Parties in making opinions   Arrange meetings Literature Distribution Influencing people Literature and distribution Helping in elections Political education   Obstacles   Illiteracy Poverty Parties/ press Absence of Rights & Duties Defective Educational System Conservation Wrong basis of political parties Indolence and indifference India and public Opinion  Poverty Illiteracy Wrong basis of political   parties Indifference towards activities Radio and TV Regionalism Conservative outlook Regional Fanatalism Conditions for the public opinion? Educated people End poverty High morality Free press and Honesty Speech and Expression Ideal education system Tolerance and Co-Operation Democratic form of Govt.
Party System   Basis of formation of political parties Political basis Economic basis Social basis Communal and regional basis Psychological basis Regional basis   Types of Political Parties Conservative parties Liberal parties Reactionary parties Radical parties   Types of Party System   Bi Party: England, America Multi party: India, France, Italy, Germany Single Party: China, North Korea, Cuba	Richard A. Watson: "A political party is a group of persons who run candidates for public offices under a label." MacIver: "A political party is an association/ organisation in support of some principles or policy by constitutional means it endavours to make the determinants of the govt.   Characteristics of political parties Agreement on  fundamental principles Fixed programmes and organisation Faith in constitutional methods To promote national interests Political & economic basis Objective to attain political power   Functions and Roles To prepare programme Public opinion Relation between legislative or executive Contest elections To form Govt. Political education Link b/w govt and people Discipline Form Govt National integration   Merits   Helpful in democracy Must for the Parliamentary Govt Check over hasty and ill considered legislation Give political education to people Unity out of diversity Social and economic reforms Link b/w Govt. Inculcate spirit of discipline Promote unity Peaceful change is possible Estb. Relationship b/w executive and legislative Enable poor but able people to contest elections Provide expert knowledge Watchdog of rights and liberties of people Demerits   Check on development of individuals' personality People get divided into hostile groups Country is deprived of services of Good people It lowers the moral standard of people Harmful to the interest (National Interest) Estb. Own dictatorship Encourages communalism Impartial legislation is less possible Exploitation of innocent people Criticism, just for sake of criticism Unnecessary interference in admn Wastage of time Unstable govt. render Multi-Party System Dangerous during emergency    Biparty System   Merit Demerits Stable govt. Strong govt Continuity in politics Useful for parliamentary Govt. Easy to form govt. Easy to fix responsibility Strong Opposition Easy for voters Alternative govt. possibility Responsible Govt Homogenous in  the views of Cabinet Dictatorship of majority party All interests do not form the representation Lowers prestige of legislative Limited choices for the voters Nation divided into two groups Control over freedom of legislators   Multi Party System: India, France, Italy, Germany   Merit Demerits Proper representation Govt. cannot act arbitrary Govt can be charged easily Wider choice to the voters The position of legislatures become important No division between two part Unstable Govt No consistency Different to locate representatives Less possible progress No strong progress Lack of party discipline Weak position of leaders Increased corruption Unsuitable for parliamentary govt. Lack homogenity   Single Party System: China, Cuba, North Korea Merit Demerits Strong Govt. It brings continuity in administration More progress possible Promote unity Suitable during emergency Easy to fix responsibility Prompt decisions Against democratic principles Govt. Absolute Limited choice to voters No strong opposition Different interests (not republic) Elections merely a show No people no political education A/c to political education Nature of Man (X) Change in Constitutional Methods   Role of Opposition Check on misuse Spread political consciousness Protection of rights and duties Ventilation of grievances of people Formation of public opinions Co-operation with the Govt. Appeal to floating voters To provide alternative Govt. Role in Law Making Appointment of investigating committees
Interest Groups and Pressure Groups   Kinds: Class Pressure group Business pressure group Professional pressure group Labour pressure group Special pressure group   Role of Pressure Group Protest of interest of members Influence law making Estb. Contact government officials Relation b/w political parties Necessary information Propoganda Parliamentary Committee Seminars and discussion Pressure on legislation Launch movements Reformatory functions of pressure groups	Interest Groups and Pressure Groups (Necessary Evil)  HC Dhillion: "In simplest terms, an interest groups is an association of people having mutual concerns. They become in turn, pressure groups as they seek governmental help and in accomplishing advantages to them.   Robert A. Dahl: "Any association that tries to secure from the 'State' policies favourable to its members or followers is a pressure group.   Pressure Groups Interest Groups Pressure groups Political Parties Robert A. Dahl: "Any association that tries to secure from the 'State' policies favourable to its members or followers is a pressure group.   Characteristics of Nature of Pressure Groups Formal Organisation Universality Protection of special interests Voluntary Membership Not to acquire political power Extra-constitutional bodies Lack of responsibility HC Dhillion: "In simplest terms, an interest groups is an association of people having mutual concerns. They become in turn, pressure groups as they seek governmental help and in accomplishing advantages to them.   Interest Groups  VD Key: "Interest groups are private association formed to influence public policies."     Characteristics Awareness about their common interests Organisation Universality Protection of special interests Common interests Voluntarily membership Extra-constitutional bodies     No organisation, not strong Not at a large scale (Limited) General view X Limited (class/ community) No power Constitutional and non constitutional both (Strike) Monistic character   Constitution: Organisation, Objectives, Obligations @National Level Participation, specific issue Political, economic, social programme National and International level Power: Yea Constitutional only Pluralistic     Difference between Interest Group and Pressure Groups Methods: Persuasive Methods Relation with politics: Not directly related Influence: Influence administration    How PG are supported? Send petitions Win public opinion Strikes, Dharna, Rallies Use of Mass Media Lobbying By helping political parties Influence bureaucracy To take judicial help Appear before parliamentary Committees To estb. Personal relations with legislation High Post offering     Merit Demerits Protection of special interests Narrow down thinking of man Info to Govt. Encourage violence Make Govt responsible Increase in corruption Prepare public opinion Danger to National Unity Consciousness among people Increase Communalism Helpful in policy formulation   Eradication of social evils
Parliamentary Model	Types of govt (2): Parliamentary Govt, Presidential Govt Cabinet form of Govt Responsible govt PM form of govt   Gettell: "Cabinet govt is that in which the real executives is legally responsible to the legislature for its acts."   Why Parliamentary in India? Past experience Strength and flexibility Responsible govt Supremacy of legislature Close relationship executive and legislative Member of Constituent Assembly           Features of Parliamentary Govt   Real and Nominal Executive: Art 74: PM+ CoM Leadership of PM Close relationship b/w legislative and executive Individual responsibility Tenure of CoM is not fixed Political Homogenity Secrecy   Weakness in Indian Parliamentary System? Multi-Party System Lack of strong Opposition  Party Lack of viable alternative Problem of formation of Govt Absence of stability Lack in strength Lack of healthy conventions Lack of Healthy Public Opinion Political Defection Misuse of Art 356 of Constitution Poor quality of legislative Lack of interest among voters Doubt about neutrality of Speaker Governance or Ordinance Parliament Govt Decline of position of govt/ Parliament PM Govt Collective Responsibility Criminalisation of Politics Erosion of power of PM
Socio-Economic Factors Conditioning Indian Democracy- Problems and Challenges	Features  Sovereign  powers visited with the people Universal Adult Franchise FR, DPSPs Responsible Govt.: Central and State Provision of free, impartial and transparent election Independent judiciary Rule of law Respect of Opposition Pluralistic Society Democracy at Grass Root Level Secular State Special provisions for OBCs, SC, STs Open Competition for Power Multi-Party System   Social and Economic Conditions of Indian Democracy Social and Economic inequality Poverty Regional imbalance Illiteracy Feudal Values Unemployment Social Tension Casteism Violence Corruption Untouchability Untouchability Social Tension Communalism Communism   Problems and challenges to Indian Democracy Social-economic inequalities Social inequalities: Caste, colour, religion, region, race, etc.   Impact of social inequality on Indian Democracy Promotion of class interest Spread of violence Political apathy Political power under elite class Lack of faith in democracy   Economic Inequality: Impact About 38% people are BPL Impact Proper use of right to vote by poor man is impossible Poor man comes under the influence of greediness Non-use of vote by poor Increase corruption Political power under control of rich Faith in violent means Poor man cannot become good leader Easy to be fooled   Steps: RTE, 86th Amend 51A(k), 21A, 45 Effects of Illiteracy Easy to exploit innocent people Unable to understand complicated political problem Narrow outlook Lack of political conscious Lack of healthy public opinion Political power in hands of Elite Less possibility of election of able representatives Conservative outlook   Regionalism Demand for secession from Indian Union Demand of separate state within Indian Union Demand of Separate 'state' full standard Inter state disputes Demand of more autonomy Jobs for residents of the 'State' only   Impact of regionalism in Democracy Tension b/w Central-State Inter State Disputes Formation of Rwgional Parties Politics of Movements Regionalism and Elections Regionalism and formation of Govt   Communalism Narrow feeling influence any other religion Impact Formation of communal politics Communal pressure groups Elections and communalism High appointment and communalism Development of intolerance Sense of alienation Communal violence Policy of Appeasement Spread of majority Communalism   Casteism Caste & political parties Caste & pressure groups Caste and nomination of candidates for elections Caste and formation of ministry Struggle among different castes to get political powers Caste and policy making Reservation   Political violence Caste wars Inter Communal Riots Violence by terrorist groups Violence insurrectionary elements Political violence Violence by Interest groups and professional groups   Separatism Threat to integrity of India Negative effects Increase in terrorist activities Pressure on Security forces Effect of relations with Neighbouring Countries   Necessary conditions for success of Democracy Social equality Spread of Education Eternal vigilance Economic equality Free and honest press Healthy party system Reform in Electoral system Independence of Radio and TV Abolition of Corruption High Moral Character Spirit of Democracy High Moral Character Peace and Security Spirit of Democracy Protection of interests of minorities To strengthen the 'Local Bodies' Able and intelligent leaders Independent judiciary   Future of Indian democracy Long history of Democratic Institutions Faith in Democracy Loyal armed forces Constitutional Methods Intelligent use of political consciousness Trained and will organised civil services Local armed forces Growth of political consciousness Hatred for dictatorship
Democracy at Grass Root Level: Panchayati Raj     Weakness Irregular elections Limited power Inadequate financial institution Less Representation Unreal Democratic decentralisation     Exceptions for certain areas Art 244 Hilly areas of Manipur, District Council Darjeeling, District of West Bengal Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, 2/3rd Majority required   Need of 73rd Amend Sh. Rajiv Gandhi Sh. PV Narsimha Rao Formed Joint Committee of Parliament 30 members ->>-> 10 RS, 20 LS   Reservation  of Seats SC/ ST: 1/3rd Women: 1/3rd Fixed tenure and regular elections Qualification Power and responsibility: Art 243G 11th Schedule: 29 subjects   No. of members 5 to 13   Population: Panchs 200-1000: 5 1000-2000: 7 2000-5000: 9 5000-10000: 11 10000-above: 13   Elections: Ward Bandhi   Powers and Functions of Gram Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad Annual plan, budget, natural calamities, public property, donations, development schemes, unity and goodwill. Construction, repair and look after public poverty Development of agriculture Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Poultry, Fisheries Development of forestry Village and cottage industry Rural electrician and electricity supply Programmes related to the removal of poverty Development of agriculture Animal Husbandry Fair and festivals Public Health Social Welfare Services Public Distribution Services Weaker Sections Removal of illegal construction General Order Small officials Judicial jurisdiction     Method of Control Direction from time to time Related to official from time-to-time (examine) Participate meetings etc.   Control of Govt. over Panchayati Raj Institute Control over: policy making, DC Control of Personnel: CEO Zila Parishad: ADC, BDPO: Panchayat Samiti, Secretary: Panchayat Legislative control Financial Control Power to dismiss 'Panchayati Raj' Institution Power to reject Resolution Emergency powers of State Govt.   Problems of Panchayati Raj Illiteracy and ignorance Indifferent attitude Ineffectiveness of Gram Sabha Communalism, Groupism and Regionalism Interference of political parties Lack of experienced personnel No training Excessive interfence by govt Inadequate financial resources Lack of co-ordination b/w local & govt officials Irregular elections Unrealistic Demo decentralisation Democratic Decentralisation   Remedies to remove the defects of Panchayati Raj   Spread political consciousness among people Provisions of training officials Gram Sabha should be made active Positive relations among Panchayati Raj Institutions Regular elections Adequate financial resources Less govt. control Interference by political parties stop Social Cohesion	Background Panch Pradhan, Kautilya: Arthashastra, Panch Parmeshwar, Little Republics   Local Self-Govt. under British Govt. Lord Mayo: @Calcutta, Madras and Bombay The Act 1882: Lord Ripon (Magna Carta) 1907: Decentralisation Commission 1917: Act of Montague Chelmsford Act 1935: Provincial Autonomy (Self Govt)   Panchayati Raj in India: Art 40 Community Development Scheme: Oct, 2 1952 Planning Commission 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee: 3 tier Committee National Development Council Rajasthan: 1st Implementation   Aim and Objectives Strengthen at the grass root level Power @lower level Weak and backward classes Village level--> Implementation Local Problems Self-Respect, dependence, Confidence Community Feelings Participation at local levels Leadership at higher levels   Panchayati Raj 73rd Amendment Constitutional Sanctions to democratic institutions at Grass Root Level Part IX- 11th Schedule Definition: Art 234 (b), Art 243B, Art 243(d): Gram Sabha Three-tier of Panchayati Raj: Village Panchayat, Intermediate Level Panchayat, District level Panchayat Composition of Panchayats: Art 243C, 73rd Amendment Direct election of the members, Supervision of election Commission Representation of State Legislation and the Parliament in Panchayat Chairman of village level panchayat, intermediate level Election and removal of chairman Power to impose taxes Constitutional of finance Commission: After 5 years Function of finance Commission Continuance of existing laws Existing Panchayats     Structure of New Panchayati Raj: Gram Sabha and Panchayat @Village Level Panchayat Samiti @Block Level Zila Parishad @District Level   Sh. Nathu Ram Mirdha: Chairman, Const. Amend Bill April 20, 1993 National Committee of Panchayat Ministers: Sh. Rameshwar Thakur @Delhi   Gram Sabha (Not less than 200) Composition: Every (male, female) registered in Gram Sabha Chairman: Sarpanch, Tenure: 5 years Meetings: Rabi (June), Kharif(December), 1/5th of written demands in GS, within 30 days: Demand Quorum:  1/5th of total membership Functions: approve budget, schemes, Community Development, Clarifications, Adult Education, Execution of development schemes Qualifications: Citizen of India, 21 years of age, Not to be a culprit, No govt post, not member of Parliament or State Legislature Reservation of Seats: BC, more than 20% of total population Removal: No confidence, majority present Chairman: Sarpanch, presided by BDPO: Block Development & Panchayat Officers Reservation of Seats: Proportional, SC of the total population of Scheduled Castes Function: Meetings preside, record Gram Panchayat, financial & executive admn, services delegate, special resolution Meeting: One meeting in a month Quorum: Decision shall be taken by majority members [present + voting]   Committee: Production Committee, Social Justice Committee, Welfare Committee (At least 3 members, at most 5 members) Sarpanch as Chairman.   Official of Gram Panchayat Panchayat Secretary: Sarpanch: Budget, a/c of Income, expenditure Gram Sewak: advice and guidance Watchman: Advice and guidance     Gram Panchayat: Punjab Panchayati Raj Act, 1994   Exception: No gram panchayat complaint heard against Govt. Servant or Criminal Cases. Restrictions: No lawyer can file case pursue before Gram Panchayat.   Financial Jurisdiction: Right to acquire, maintain and sell property Financial resource: Govt & other local authority, balance of a/c, amount collected, donations, taxes, duties, toll taxes & fees Garbage, caricatures, trees, sale & purchase, fisheries centre, Shamlat land, land revenue 40% (not less than that)   Power of Gram Panchayat to levy taxes: -do- similar to others **Professions (except agriculture) Audit--> within 1 month: Gram Panchayat. Panchayat Samiti---> 3 months   Panchayat Samiti: Middle under 3 tier system, 73rd Amend, *148 at present (update if needed) Less than 20 lakh population Directly elected members out of single member constituencies, by the State Govt. MLA within this. State Legislative Council: where registered voters.   Direct Election: One of every 15000 population of Panchayat Samiti area. Not less than 6 and more than 10. Reservation: 20% or more of Population, 1/3rd women. Panchayat Samiti= 50% total seats (women) Tenure: 5 yrs. Dissolve them, election: within 6 months.   Chairman & Vice Chairman: Who appoint: Deputy Commissioner, Additional Deputy Commissioner; Elect Chairman & VC, reservation of SC & ST Art 170: Vice Chairman & Chairman Zila Parishad.   Reservation of women: 50% not less than that. Tenure: Chairman and Vice Chairman: Vacant seat within 15 days of resignation, 2/3rd majority <--- Meetings; Experience: 2 yrs (only after that). No confidence motion: Then reject. A new motion against   Officials of Panchayat Samiti Block Development and Panchayat Officer (BDPO): Executive officer of Panchayat Samiti Block Extension Officer: 8 agri, social, education, welfare, industries, animal husbandry, public work etc. Standing Committee: Of Panchayat Samiti General Standing Committee: Buildings, rural houses Finance, Audit and Planning Committee: Social Justice Committee: education, eco, social and justice   Zila Parishad: 22 in Punjab* Composition: Directly constituencies (5000 population etc.). Chairman of all Panchayat Samities, Members of Lok Sabha: State Legislative Assembly Registration: RS or State Legislative Council   Importance of Panchayati Raj People's Raj Best school for democracy Solution to local problems Sense of self confidence Proper use of money Self dependence Helpful in  estb. Welfare State Lessen the burden of Central & State govt. Political consciousness Severe blow to feudal values Rapid development of rural life Cheap and Speedy justice Nurseries of good leaders Dev. Of new consciousness
Democracy at Grass Root Level: Municipality   Characteristics Constitutional sanction to urban Local Bodies Provisions of 3 tier Urban Bodies Composition of Municipalities Election of chairman Provision of Ward Committee: Art 243J Powers & functions of Ward Committee Provisions of reserved seats Regular elections & fixed tenure Qualification of Members Impose Taxes Consti & function of finance Commission District Planning Metropolitan Committee Election and Supervisions Continue existing laws Art 244 (Darjeeling), Gorkha Hill Council	1870: Lord Mayo, lord Governor General of India; 1871-1874; Lord Ripon: Local Self Govt Act 1919 New system of Urban Local Bodies 74th Consti Amend, LS Sept 16, 1991; Joint Committee: 30 members, I0 RS 20 LS   New System of Urban Local Bodies Nagar Panchayat: Transitional Area Municipal Council: Small Urban Areas Municipal Corporation: Big Urban Areas   Meeting: 1/5th of the members of Municipal Council and can submit written request, 14 days of receipt (Imp)   Committee of Municipal council Financial committee, education sub- committee, building & municipal sub-committee, publi health sub-committee   Tenure: can be increased to 1 year, 74th Amend, 12th Schedule   Functions of Municipal Council: Planning, regulation of construction building, social and eco development, fire service. Public sanitation, urban forestry, slum improvement, urban poverty reduction, cultural, educational and aesthetic promotion, prevent cruelty, register birth and death, public amenities, slaughter houses and tanneries, water supply, maintain roads.,    Sources of Municipal Council income: Income from taxes: toll tax, tax on annual a/c, octroi, property tax, entertainment tax etc. Income from property, electricity, water supply: shops, inns, rest houses Govt grants and loans   Municipal Corporation: MC: SC/ ST/ OBCs Women: 1/3rd SC, 50% reserved for women Tenure: 5 yrs, If less than 6 month, no need of re-elections Qualifications: citizens, voter list, 21 years, any govt, X crime, X govt official   President: Mayor, Deputy Mayor, pass resolutions on 2/3rd majority Reservation: 50% women, 2% OBCs Executive general of MC: Mayor General council: of MC annual report (prepare + working) Ward Committee: Composition: Councillors of Ward (ward committee)   Committee of MC:  Water Supply and sewage, buildings and road committee, Houses tax Assessment Committee, Finance & Contract Committee   Some other Institutions Cantonment Board: Defence Ministry, Military officers, Chairman of the Board Post trust: major ports, @Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, elect & nominate people Improvement Trust: MC or Corporation New colonies, undertakes task of raising parks etc.   Role of local self-govt Training in the art of self Govt., It brings sense of responsibility among people of cities, Self confidence, Proper solution to local problems, Self dependence, Development of cities
Nature of Party System in India	Political Parties are inevitable. No free country has been without them. No one has shown how representative govt could work w/o them. They bring order out of multitude of voters.   Characteristics: Organised as a unit, Uniformity of principles, faith in democracy, promotion of national interest A political party may be defined as an organisation/ group of citizens who profess to share the same political views and who by sharing the same political views and who by voting as a political unit, try to control govt.     Nature of party system Registration of political parties Multi-party system End of era of one party rule Multi party character of Opposition Lack of ideological commitment Caste & common Character Lack of proper organisation Imp. Of regional parties Lack of internal democracy Groupism within parties Defection in politics Electoral alliance & coalition Govt. Lack of discipline Populist nature of pol parties   Garibi Hatao: Congress Democracy vs Dictatorship: Janta Stability vs Anarchy: Congress Stablity & growth: BJP Ram, Roti and Insaaf: BJP Social Justice: Janta Dal Stability, peace & Progress: Congress Social Justice: Janta Dal Hindustan, Swadeshi and Nationalism: BJP   Sarv Shiksha Abhiyaan : Congress Your Voice our Commitment: Congress Har Hath Taraki Har Hath Shakti: BJP Congress Mukt 'Bharat': BJP Modi Sarkar: BJP Nat'l Youth Policy: Congress   National Political parties 6% valid votes 4 or more states in General elections/ State Legislative Assembly 2% seats LS (11 seats exist in LS) State party minimum 4 states   State Political parties 6% valid votes in State General assembly 3% total in legislative Assembly State 3 seats in Legislative Assembly At least one seat for every 25 LS (22Seats) 6% valid votes parliamentary constituencies     Ideologies of Parties Faith in democracy Faith in socialism Faith in secularism Economic liberalism Faith in Non Alignment Strong Centre Opposition of Racialism, Apartheid Oppose colonialism, imperialism Use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes Supporter of Human Rights Political policies & programmes Policies regarding agriculture Industrial policy To create more opportunities of employment Worker's participation Improvement of condition of labourers Foreign policy Reforms in the taxation system Protection of interest of minorities Protection of SC/ ST and OBCs Nuclear Policy of Party Miscellaneous Policies Problems facing the Indian party System Factionalism: mad for being a LEADER Wrong basis of political parties Defection: 52nd Amend, 91st Amend Problem of finance Lack of ideology Problem of organisation Feudal values and personality cult Crisis of leadership among parties Problem of discipline Lack of political morality Lack of faith in political parties Increased criminal element (rise)
National Integration   Threats to National Integration   Linguistism Communalism Minorities Regionalism Backwardness Unemployment Foreign powers Lack of National Character Reorganisation of states based on languages Poverty So many regional parties Politics of Opportunitism Defective educational system Tourism Principle of sons of soil'	Definition: Dr. S Radhakrishna: "National integration is not a house which could be built by mortar and bricks. It is not an industrial plan which could be discussed and implemented  by experts. Integration, in the contrary, is a thought which must go into the hearts of the people. It is the consciousness which must awaken the people at large."                National Integration hindrance: Casteism, Linguism, Communalism, Provincialism   Various aspects of National Integration Political Aspects, Social aspects, Economic Aspects, Cultural Aspects, Cultural Aspect, Psychological Aspects,     Steps taken towards National Integration Foundation of National Integration Council Seven points programme for National Integration Influence Extremist One industry, One trade Union Students away from political influence Developmental Plans Balance b/w whole  India Mass-media Amendment Constitution Various Council and Mutiny   Efforts at Non-Constitutional level Ban on Communal Organisation Formation of Insani Birandi All India Sampradayikata Virodhi Committee   Suggestions to promote National Unity Provision for efficient & cheap justice Reform in educational System Emphasis on duties Dev of one 'National Language' Art 370 of Constitution Spread of Secularism Uniform Civil Code Balance development of different States Removal of Proverty To promote Inter-State Co-Operation Clean Administration Value Based Politics Sense of security among minorities Dev of patriotism (Soul of every State) NI
India's Foreign Policy: Basic Principles     Objectives Protect, maintain unity and integrity Progress in country World peace maintenance Solution to world problems   Determinants Constitutional Geographical Historical National Interest Influence of International Situation Personal Factors Military factors Ideological Economic   Why India Adopted policy of NAM? Avoid confrontation Need of time For all around development Independent foreign policy Military alliance harmful for us Passive Neutrality	Meaning and Definition Foreign policy now is the bundle of principles and practices that regulate the intercourse of a State with other States. A foreign Policy is a systematic statement of deliberately selected notional interests. Foreign Policy is the art of govt. chiefly with respect to foreign powers.   Basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy Non Alignment Our foreign policy is to keep aloof from the big power blocs and being friendly to all countries and not getting entangled in any alliance, military or other, that may drag us into any conflict.   Read with NATO, CENTO, Warsaw Pact     Foreign Minister: Sh. Deva Gowda's Cabinet    India's foreign policy and Gujral Doctrine   Sh. Inder Kumar Gujral: Five Point Doctrine (Pak) Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri lanka, good Faith No South Asian country allowed to annex territory against itself. None interfere in internal matters. All should respect other's territory and integrity. Bilateral Negotiations   Characteristics of Non-Alignment     Non-involvement in International disputes Keep aloof from military pacts Not to join either blocs Faith in peace Freedom in formation of foreign policy Doesn't mean negative detachment Shift in India's policy of NAM   Member of Security Council Faith in international co-operation Development of relationship with East Act East policy Co-Operation with UN, Asian and African Countries Support Disarmament Helpful in the freedom of slave-Countries Tibetian, Zimbabwe, Namibia Faith in Panchsheel Use atomic energy for peaceful purposes Membership of Commonwealth Nations Opposition to imperialism and Colonialism Respect human dignity Friendly relations with Commonwealth Nations Oppose to Racialism Oppose terrorism
India and UN   India and World Peace Korean problem India China problem Gaza and Congo Iran-Iraq war Suez Canal problem Afghanistan and India   India as a contributing force under 'Command of UN' India: Financial Contribution to UN Support Disarmament Space Committee Policy of Apartheid Universal Body	Need: No State can live in isolation Need of International Rules Need of International Organisation to enforce laws   Aim of UN To estb world peace and security Friendly relations among different countries Promote, social, cultural and human relations Encourages relation among various countries   Composition of UN General Assembly: World Parliament Security Council: 15 members Economic Council: 54 Memebers, 3 yr, 1/3rd retd. Trusteeship Council: Administration in the Backward areas, dispute International Council of Justice: Dispute resolve, 15 judges, 9 years, 1/3rd retd. every 3 years Secretariat: Antonio Guerrutus (Portugal)   India's role in UN Founder Member Full faith in UN India & diff organisations Security Council Economic Council Trusteeship Council Special Agency Indian official @UN Vijay Lakshmi Pandit Suggestions to make UN stronger New Economic Order Because of modern age, increased jurisdiction Check forums… Big powers Affluent countries help economic requirements Permanent membership status to deserving one Why India claim permanent status in UN? Largest democracy in the world Stable and developing economy Supports UN Changed International Envt Asia needs more representation in UN Support by other UN Members [Russia, France, Great Britain, America]     Birth of UN 24th Oct, 1945, as per Charter San Francisco Conference, H/q New York, Start [Estb and Time]: 51, presently 193 South Sudan Latest
Electoral System	Importance Procedure through which people elect representatives Decisive device Effective control on policies Legitimacy of Regime Decision making process Opportunity to condemn the weaknesses 'People's Participation'     People's Participation Meaning: Politication activities doe not mean only taking part in running rather it means to caste a vote, to take part in election propoganda and political parties. It is made by putting pressure by pressure groups etc. Rush and Athof: "Political participation is the involvement of the individual at various levels in political system."     Argument in Favour of UAF Less possibility of revolution A/c to democratic principles Proper use of sovereign powers Based on principle of equality Citizen get political education' Promotion of unity Self-Respect among people Peace and order in State Protection of interests of minorities Creates interest in Public functions Basic right of others   Factors responsible for low participation Illiteracy Ignorance Poverty Socio, pol, economic backwardness Inactive people Politics have become a profession Lack of political consciousness General Apathy Corruption in public life   Arguments Against UAF   Everybody not equally wise Right to vote is a responsibility Right to vote is not Natural Right Encouraged Corruption Hindrance in way of progressive legislation It is expensive Provision of Adult Franchise in favour of rich For the common man, its difficult to understand administration Right to vote is no guarantee protection of other's rights Women no right should be given Right to vote, on basis of property   Exception Minor, insane, govt officials, aliens, hardened criminals, religious leaders, bankrupt leaders   Characteristics It is universal It is  voluntary It depends on form of govt It is not uniform   Importance Provides legitimacy to administration Makes the admn responsible Stability Change by constitutional means Brings patriotism Opportunity of interest articulation Protection of rights and liberties Universal Adult Franchise In India, England, USA: 18 years Norway: 23 years   Art 326: Election conducted on the basis of UAF Art 325: No person debarred from right to vote.
Voting Behaviour	Every person has right to franchise  Voting Behaviour is a field of study connected with the ways in which people tend to vote in public elections and the reason why they vote as they do.   Determinants Education, economic background, political awakening, ideological commitment, Caste & Race, Religion, Race and Gender, Election Manifesto, Immediate issues, Election propoganda, Resilience, Charismatic qualities, Class impact, regionalism, performance of govt   Election Commission Art 324(EC), Composition: 324(2): Election Commission (regional Commission), 1st general election: 25th Oct, 1951 {LS}, RS: 27/03/1952 1st tehsil: Himachal Pradesh, Salary 2.5 lakh, Multi-membered: 3 members: 2 EC + 1 EC, Appointment: Prez of India Tenure: 6 yrs or 65 yrs (whichever earlier), Removal: 2/3 majority of both houses of Parliament
India's Approach to Major World Issues     Art 11: Charter of UN: Armament SC	Disarmament Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain  or all instruments for the purpose of ending the armament race. Any regulation or limitation having to do with armed power is treated as a measure of disarmament.     Need for Disarmament For the maintenance of world peace Protection of Humanity Poverty and hunger, unemployment Weak dominated by the powerful nations End of war-pacts Demand of present day world Protect environment   India's Approach Disarmament is a part of India's foreign policy Number of 'disarmament' commissions Proposal UNGA; CTBT Soviet Union + India = No Armament Indian Foreign Policy Indo-America in Nuclear Treaty, 2006 Indo Russia deal 2009 End of rest of Nuclear Programme
Globalisation	New installment of economic reforms, Sept, 2012       Characteristics   Abolition of licensing Privatisation MNCs Foreign Capital Investment Special & NRI Estb. Of New Industries Retrenched worker Arguments in favour   Competition Foreign capital and technique Expanse of Industrialisation Benefit to Consumers Increase of employment Opportunity Link between world 'hegemony'  Against Globalisation    Imperialistic in Nature Unemployment will increase Exploitation of the Indian resources by foreign markets Destruction of small industries Economic inequalities Destruction of public setor Exploitation of labour Globalisation is also basic trait of India
NHRC   Human  rights issued on Sept 23, 1993   Dec, 18 1993: passed   Guardian of Human  Rights (Both Centre and State)   Functions of Commission Inquire if any violation of HR Action after enquiry Procedure of enquiry with regards to violation of HR by armed forces Preparation of annual report     Suggestions   Constitutional status Recommendations Punitive powers Removal becomes difficult Salary and allowances Awareness, quick justice, criminal more punishment	Global village Dept. of Science and Technology Problem of Human Rights Disarmament and problem of Globalisation   "The State is known by the rights and it maintains HR." Every individual and to every ensure, human life to every person is the duty of the international community.' Universal Declaration: General Assembly UN: HR 10th Dec, 1948   Arrangement of Human Rights Commitment towards Declaration of Human Rights Provide justice, liberty, equality and fraternity Included into the constitution Directive Principles of State Policy Human Rights Commission in Centre and State Estb: SC/ ST/ OBC and Women Commission, Minority Commission SC and HRs, Prevention of Trafficking Act NGOs and Human Rights   National Human Rights Commission   Composition Retd. CJI One serving SC judge Retd. Of any HC One who has special knowledge about Human Rights National Minorities Commission National Commission for Women National Commission for SC/ ST Secretary General: one SG Chief Executive Officer, SC Judge: JL Dattu      Appointment of Members Term of Office Union Ministry, Chairman of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition, LS + RS, Deputy Chairperson of RS  5 years or 70 yrs. Removal: Misbehaviour and inability, moral turpitude      Position of Commission 1993--> Estb. Very important role for the protection of HRs Lots of respect for the international community Contains terrorist, police, para military forces and the armed forces NGO working to protect HRs Threats to Human Rights Repressive Law Preventive Detention Act, 1950 Indian Security Act, 1962 Internal Security Act, 1971 National Security Act, 1980 TADA- 1987, POTA- 2002, Social Division Violation of FIR and Security Forces Over limitation of FRs Slow judicial process Excess limitation by police
India and SAARC   SAARC: India, Pak, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka. Maldives, bangladesh   1st Summit: Dacca, 1995 India 1st Summit: New Delhi 14th	Need Common ideological background Complete economic entity Desire for Economic development To safeguard individual freedom Foreign naval in Indian Ocean   SAARC: Latest member: Afghanistan South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation, H/q Nepal, Kathmandu Observer (Important**): China, EU, Korea, Myanmar (Not member L*), USA, Mauritius **, Australia   Structure Head: 18th SAARC Summit Held in Kathmandu, Nepal Council of Ministers: Meet twice a year SAARC Countries, Member of Council of Minister Standing Committee: Co-Operation, mobilisation, identification of new areas Technical Committee: responsible to State Submit report to Standing Committee Action Committee: 2 or more state but not members Secretariat: Head of SAARC: 1987 in Kathmandu, Change every 2 years.   Objectives South Asia and improved quality of life Social progress & cultural progress Self reliance among countries Mutual trust, understanding and appreciation Active collaboration and mutual assistance Strengthen o-operation International forums on various matters   Principles Sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and political interdependence (of each member country) Non-interference Mutual co-operation SAARC hindrance relationship with individual countries of SAARC & other countries   Importance Platform to discuss issues of common interests Mutual economic advantage Sense of collective security Development of  culture Useful in countering terrorism   SAFTA: during 12th Summit in Islamabad, South Asia Free Trade Area   Problems with SAARC Diversity in political systems Long standing mutual dispute Dominant position of India Economic Competition Problem of minorities Regional imbalance Irregular Summits Support of Pakistan to Terrorism Interference of Big Powers Over population Absence of Good and Efficient Admn Widespread Corruption Preferential treatment to national Interest
Provisions made to maintain independence   Constitutional recognition Difficult method of removal Condition of service can't be changed to disadvantage EC Impressive powers High Salaries		Functions of EC The Superintendence, direction and control of election Preparation of electoral roll To declare the date of election To give recognition to political parties Control over the staff connected with elections To give advice on disqualification To prepare code-of-conduct To conduct elections of VP, P and State legislature To estb. Polling stations Safety of ballot boxes and counting To order repoll due to malpractices To issue directions To declare ineligible for election contesting	Main features of Electoral System Adult franchise Joint: Electorate system SC/ ST: Reservation Direct & Indirect elections Secret Ballot Single Member Constituencies Single Transferable Vote System of Proportional Representation System Election Commission Election petition Provision of right to reject   Election procedure   In favour Election procedure Amendment Act Free and Fair election Separate electoral Seat of representative Against malpractices Settlement of Electional Disputes	Weakness of Indian Electoral Systems  wide gap b/w seats won and votes Govt. Candidate win got few votes Problems of too many independent candidates Expensive Elections Misuse of Govt.'al Machinery Incomplete and defective voters list Change of boundaries Non-use of voters by votes Delay in disposal of election petition Misuse of mass Media Rigging of election & booth capturing Violence during election Problem of impersonation Provisions of press Too many political parties	Critical procedure of electoral system   Election procedure   In favour Election procedure Amendment Act Free and Fair election Separate electoral Seat of representative Against malpractices Settlement of Electional Disputes
Jammu & Kashmir People's Representation Act, 1996   Increaed from Rs. 250 to Rs. 1000/- Nomination paper, independent candidate Campaigning period from 21 days to 14 days   Check on convicts to contest elections Section 8 : A law breaker cannot be law maker		Electoral Reforms  Increase in power of EC Disqualification of EC from Election Contesting Regislation made compulsory Booth capturing serious crime Use of voting machine Election to legislative council & Council of States   Electoral Reforms Act, 1996   14 days from 21 days of campaign Reduce non serious candidates, fine Death of any candidate, substitute other National political parties (increase), Independent (lessen) By-elections (6 months) Power to appoint returning officer Liquor closed one day before election day Paid holiday to all	Proposals for electoral reforms Provision to hold simultaneous elections of House of people and Legislative Assemblies Provision State funding Constitutional Mutli-functioning Identity Card Minimise candidate Voter's list (revision) Alter boundaries… EC Compulsory voting Electronic Voting Machines Proper arrangements to control violence Quick disposal of Election petitions Quick disposal of Election Petitions Provisions for misuse of money power Criminalise barred from contesting elections No use of muscle power	Voters have the right to know the  antecedent of candidates Immovable property, bank balance Liabilities 6 months nomination  papers Restriction on collection of mob-filing 'Nominal Papers' Display of criminal background of moveable and immovable property Convicted MLA, MPs, debarred from elections Delete names of voters died/ non-bailable offence Convicted MP, MLA no election Right to reject	NOTA None of the Above on EVM 27th Sept, 2013 Gujarat: 1st time (RS) Ahmedabad